Wang Zhaojun
This is a Chinese name; the family name is (Wang).
Wang Qiang , more commonly known by her style name Wang Zhaojun pinyin: Wáng Zhāojūn) was the consort of the Xiongnu shanyu Hu Hanxie . She is famed as one of the Four Beauties of ancient China.
Wang Zhaojun in history
Wang Zhaojun was born to a prominent family of Zigui country, Nan county (now Xingshan county, Hubei) in the south of the Western Han empire. She entered the harem of Emperor Yuan probably after 40 BC. During her time in the Lateral Courts, Wang Qiang was never visited by the emperor and remained as a palace lady-in-waiting.
In 33 BC, Hu Hanxie visited Chang'an on a homage trip, as part of the tributary system between the Han and Xiongnu. He took the opportunity to ask to be allowed to become an imperial son-in-law. Instead of honouring the chanyu with a princess, Hu Hanxie was presented with five women from the imperial harem, one of them who was Wang Zhaojun.
A story from the Hou Han Shu relates that Wang Zhaojun volunteered to join the chanyu. When summoned to court, her beauty astonished the emperor's courtiers and made the emperor reconsider his decision to send her to the Xiongnu.
Wang Zhaojun became a favourite of the Hu Hanxie chanyu, giving birth to two sons. Only one of them seems to have survived, Yituzhiyashi . They also had at least one daughter, Yun , who was created Princess Yimuo and who would later become a powerful figure in Xiongnu politics. When Hu Hanxie died in 31 BC, Wang Zhaojun requested to return to China. Emperor Cheng, however, ordered that she follow Xiongnu levirate custom and become the wife of the next chanyu, the oldest son of her husband. In her new marriage she had two daughters.
Wang was honoured as Ninghu Yanzhi ( "Hu-Pacifying Chief-Consort").
Wang Zhaojun in legend
According to other legends, she commits suicide after her husband's death as her only resort in order to avoid marrying his son.
Her life became the story of "Zhaojun Departs the Frontier" . Peace was maintained for over 60 years between China and the Xiongnu. However, China eventually lost touch with her and her descendants.
Since the 3rd century the story of Zhaojun had been elaborated upon and she had been touted as a tragic heroine. The Communist government of the People's Republic of China uses her as a symbol of the integration of Han Chinese and ethnic minorities of China. Zhaojun Tomb still exists today in Inner Mongolia.
Notable retellings of the story of Wang Zhaojun include:
Han Shu, Xiongnu Zhuan (first known account of Wang Zhaojun)
Qin Cao ("Principle of the Lute") by Cai Yong (c. 2nd century)
Xijin Zaji ("Sundry Accounts of the Western Capital") (c. 3rd century)
Han Gong Qiu ("The Autumn in the Palace of Han") by Ma Zhiyuan (c. 13th century)
Wang Zhaojun by Guo Moruo (1923)
Wang Zhaojun by Chao Yu (1978)
Chapter 3, "Naturalizing National Unity: Political Romance and the Chinese Nation," of The Mongols at China's Edge by Uradyn E. Bulag (2002) contains a detailed discussion of variants of the Wang Zhaojun legend.
Further reading
Waley, Arthur. The life and times of Po Chü-i, 772-846 A.D. (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1949)
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2008年4月23日星期三
2008年4月10日星期四
Uluru National Park
Uluru National Park
In Australia hot, sandy plains of the north, upright erected a lonely one huge red sandstone, very spectacular. Australia Abeilijini indigenous people (called information: Anand ancient indigenous people) said this boulder "Wululu (Uluru)", which means "in the shade", here is their sacred land. On some holes at the bottom, inside a sculpture and murals. Cave is enigmatic, as they avoid the sun during the day in a safe place. West said this boulder "Els", named after the 19th-century early 1970s, Gilles and Goss here to the two explorers expedition, the first time the Europeans have seen Els stone presence. They then that is the South Australian Premier Sir Els name for this boulder named.
1987, 1994, pursuant to the selection criteria of cultural heritage C (V) (VI) and natural heritage criteria N (II) (III) on the "World Heritage List." The report rated Heritage: World Heritage Committee at its 11th session, the World Heritage Committee's 18th session. Evaluation of the World Heritage Committee: Wululu National Park, located in the red sand land to the advantage of Australia and Central, with its spectacular geological structure is well known. Wululu is a huge circular pillar, and khat-tower are like a stone dome is located in the western Wululu, created the world's most ancient human society one part of the traditional belief systems. The Wululu - Inkatha Qu traditional tower is the owner of Anand ancient indigenous people.Els boulder is the world's largest boulder. Components for the gravel, sand carving from was elliptical in shape. 3,600 meters long and a width of 2,000 meters, 348 meters high, higher than the surrounding desert plain 335 meters. Wai-about 8,800 meters. Rock smooth, slightly shaped somewhat like two ends of the long round bread. Stonehenge overall red, awkward in the vast desert, huge incomparable, Majestic, such as the behemoth lying, particularly eye-catching. Stonehenge did not come to the habitat of animals and birds, nor Health-inch grass, sleek light, but occasionally can be seen in which the lizards appear. Els stone shining in the sun under the glittering, with the change in the direction of the sun show different colors, and this is very rare in the natural landscape: it shows the rising sun at the dawn of an orange; dawn of the shadow and it shows ochratoxin red; noon is an amber; to the sun sets into a very magnificent Blush color, as are the large coal burning flames. This strange phenomenon is contained in the iron rock in a certain humidity in the air in response to the results of oxidation. There are many stone weathering and because of a peculiar form cracks and holes. In the sunset, the cracks in the south wall of a person like a complete skull.
Els is Wuyinian stone before crustal movement raised sandstone. Surrounded by a sand dune, most of the stone buried under the sand, only the top open flat on the sand. In this structure, geology called "Island Mountain." The stone surface there are many parallel trenches, up to 10 km base weeks, weathering the Aixingguaizhuang cave formation. In the north-east of its split a thin 150 m high rock, depend on the rock above, the stone pillars known as "kangaroo tail." Indigenous people will be regarded as a symbol of God. Inkatha Qu Wululu tower in the west of the Rock Dome. Its main ingredient is sedimentary rock, and the long-term erosion of wind and rain will now become a rock surface abrasion on the same roof shape. On the ground, it is the "giant" is. In this two attractions with a very peculiar landscape deeply attracted worldwide visitors come to visit. Since 1985, Els Wululu region into a national park, indigenous ownership and management rights. Living in the indigenous Australians living in the stone around for several thousand years and consider it a part of their lives: their living standards include love this piece of land. For many of them, their ancestors Wuleilu region is the meeting point of footprints. Every piece of rock, every cliff, floating stone caves are sacred significance. Some caves, and the main goal is Muditeyoulu Teyou valleys on the grottoes, are indigenous to ochre, charcoal ash and rock painting murals.
Wululu to the tourist can see an ancient words of welcome: "Indigenous welcome you home!." Now every year more than 500,000 people to stone Els sightseeing. In its 18 kilometres north of the resort Youlala a tourist centre. Walking around stone circle about four hours, and can also sit around motorcycle rear-tourism. Walking tour can take shorter route "lizard trail", by the indigenous play wizard. They will explain to visitors their culture, and on some foodstuffs, such as Acacia "Apple" (a gall wasp). Boarded-top takes about two hours, but doing so runs counter to indigenous culture, the general will be discouraged. If the temperature above 38 degrees Celsius, will be prohibited climbing peak, in order to avoid danger. Rainwater scarce here, but occasionally heavy rain. After heavy rainfall, rainwater pouring from the towering steep slope and, in a rock on the left of the black stripes, in Yanxi, many puddles formed, but most are into the water below ground, the blue-grey sandalwood, Red Eucalyptus, Acacia Cong and the desert oak, sand dune grass and other plants to grow in the surrounding sand dunes. The needle-like desert oak leaf reduce moisture evaporation, its thick bark can be heat-resistant. Shannan the Muditeyoulu large pool (also called Ma Ji Quan), in addition to very dry season, water is not dead. Other water puddles could be a few weeks or a few months, most will soon evaporated in the hot swap. Living in the pond, the water is the water that was indigenous patron saint.
Wululu National Park, 480 kinds of plants, 70 species of reptiles and 40 species of mammals. Reptiles of the most famous is monitor lizards, its body length up to 2.5 meters. Paper was olive green, decorated with beautiful patterns. This region of poisonous brown king cobra and western Cobra, 1.8 meters long, living in the sand dunes between the frogs, lizards, as well as dance bags Yan rat snakes are very easy to capture prey, the prey is Australia wild dogs. Red Kangaroo sometimes to the area to eat, and the timid-day kangaroo hide in the caves. Approximately 150 species of birds here in the habitats, including emu, wedge-tailed eagles and honey suction birds.
Wululu National Park is also registered by the Australian Heritage Committee of state property, with its spectacular geological park and the world-famous structure. Wululu National Park to the peculiar combination of the world-famous rock, in the eyes of geologists they represent a special structure and erosion processes. Wuleilu Inkatha and the rock-tower portfolio and in the vicinity, in the scientific importance of the flora and fauna around the composition and scope of the desert background formed a strong contrast. With a strong geographic characteristics of the flavor of this park have been identified as UNESCO biosphere reserves, with a similar biosphere reserves in Australia to a total of 12. 1994, as it is recognized that national parks in the region Wululu local indigenous people and the natural environment of the symbiotic relationship between life-and-death significance of parks, as well as its important cultural value to the world's cultural heritage park in the re-registration and become the world's first 2 called "cultural landscapes" World Heritage Site. Prior to this, only New Zealand's Tongariro National Park in 1993 by this award.
In Australia hot, sandy plains of the north, upright erected a lonely one huge red sandstone, very spectacular. Australia Abeilijini indigenous people (called information: Anand ancient indigenous people) said this boulder "Wululu (Uluru)", which means "in the shade", here is their sacred land. On some holes at the bottom, inside a sculpture and murals. Cave is enigmatic, as they avoid the sun during the day in a safe place. West said this boulder "Els", named after the 19th-century early 1970s, Gilles and Goss here to the two explorers expedition, the first time the Europeans have seen Els stone presence. They then that is the South Australian Premier Sir Els name for this boulder named.
1987, 1994, pursuant to the selection criteria of cultural heritage C (V) (VI) and natural heritage criteria N (II) (III) on the "World Heritage List." The report rated Heritage: World Heritage Committee at its 11th session, the World Heritage Committee's 18th session. Evaluation of the World Heritage Committee: Wululu National Park, located in the red sand land to the advantage of Australia and Central, with its spectacular geological structure is well known. Wululu is a huge circular pillar, and khat-tower are like a stone dome is located in the western Wululu, created the world's most ancient human society one part of the traditional belief systems. The Wululu - Inkatha Qu traditional tower is the owner of Anand ancient indigenous people.Els boulder is the world's largest boulder. Components for the gravel, sand carving from was elliptical in shape. 3,600 meters long and a width of 2,000 meters, 348 meters high, higher than the surrounding desert plain 335 meters. Wai-about 8,800 meters. Rock smooth, slightly shaped somewhat like two ends of the long round bread. Stonehenge overall red, awkward in the vast desert, huge incomparable, Majestic, such as the behemoth lying, particularly eye-catching. Stonehenge did not come to the habitat of animals and birds, nor Health-inch grass, sleek light, but occasionally can be seen in which the lizards appear. Els stone shining in the sun under the glittering, with the change in the direction of the sun show different colors, and this is very rare in the natural landscape: it shows the rising sun at the dawn of an orange; dawn of the shadow and it shows ochratoxin red; noon is an amber; to the sun sets into a very magnificent Blush color, as are the large coal burning flames. This strange phenomenon is contained in the iron rock in a certain humidity in the air in response to the results of oxidation. There are many stone weathering and because of a peculiar form cracks and holes. In the sunset, the cracks in the south wall of a person like a complete skull.
Els is Wuyinian stone before crustal movement raised sandstone. Surrounded by a sand dune, most of the stone buried under the sand, only the top open flat on the sand. In this structure, geology called "Island Mountain." The stone surface there are many parallel trenches, up to 10 km base weeks, weathering the Aixingguaizhuang cave formation. In the north-east of its split a thin 150 m high rock, depend on the rock above, the stone pillars known as "kangaroo tail." Indigenous people will be regarded as a symbol of God. Inkatha Qu Wululu tower in the west of the Rock Dome. Its main ingredient is sedimentary rock, and the long-term erosion of wind and rain will now become a rock surface abrasion on the same roof shape. On the ground, it is the "giant" is. In this two attractions with a very peculiar landscape deeply attracted worldwide visitors come to visit. Since 1985, Els Wululu region into a national park, indigenous ownership and management rights. Living in the indigenous Australians living in the stone around for several thousand years and consider it a part of their lives: their living standards include love this piece of land. For many of them, their ancestors Wuleilu region is the meeting point of footprints. Every piece of rock, every cliff, floating stone caves are sacred significance. Some caves, and the main goal is Muditeyoulu Teyou valleys on the grottoes, are indigenous to ochre, charcoal ash and rock painting murals.
Wululu to the tourist can see an ancient words of welcome: "Indigenous welcome you home!." Now every year more than 500,000 people to stone Els sightseeing. In its 18 kilometres north of the resort Youlala a tourist centre. Walking around stone circle about four hours, and can also sit around motorcycle rear-tourism. Walking tour can take shorter route "lizard trail", by the indigenous play wizard. They will explain to visitors their culture, and on some foodstuffs, such as Acacia "Apple" (a gall wasp). Boarded-top takes about two hours, but doing so runs counter to indigenous culture, the general will be discouraged. If the temperature above 38 degrees Celsius, will be prohibited climbing peak, in order to avoid danger. Rainwater scarce here, but occasionally heavy rain. After heavy rainfall, rainwater pouring from the towering steep slope and, in a rock on the left of the black stripes, in Yanxi, many puddles formed, but most are into the water below ground, the blue-grey sandalwood, Red Eucalyptus, Acacia Cong and the desert oak, sand dune grass and other plants to grow in the surrounding sand dunes. The needle-like desert oak leaf reduce moisture evaporation, its thick bark can be heat-resistant. Shannan the Muditeyoulu large pool (also called Ma Ji Quan), in addition to very dry season, water is not dead. Other water puddles could be a few weeks or a few months, most will soon evaporated in the hot swap. Living in the pond, the water is the water that was indigenous patron saint.
Wululu National Park, 480 kinds of plants, 70 species of reptiles and 40 species of mammals. Reptiles of the most famous is monitor lizards, its body length up to 2.5 meters. Paper was olive green, decorated with beautiful patterns. This region of poisonous brown king cobra and western Cobra, 1.8 meters long, living in the sand dunes between the frogs, lizards, as well as dance bags Yan rat snakes are very easy to capture prey, the prey is Australia wild dogs. Red Kangaroo sometimes to the area to eat, and the timid-day kangaroo hide in the caves. Approximately 150 species of birds here in the habitats, including emu, wedge-tailed eagles and honey suction birds.
Wululu National Park is also registered by the Australian Heritage Committee of state property, with its spectacular geological park and the world-famous structure. Wululu National Park to the peculiar combination of the world-famous rock, in the eyes of geologists they represent a special structure and erosion processes. Wuleilu Inkatha and the rock-tower portfolio and in the vicinity, in the scientific importance of the flora and fauna around the composition and scope of the desert background formed a strong contrast. With a strong geographic characteristics of the flavor of this park have been identified as UNESCO biosphere reserves, with a similar biosphere reserves in Australia to a total of 12. 1994, as it is recognized that national parks in the region Wululu local indigenous people and the natural environment of the symbiotic relationship between life-and-death significance of parks, as well as its important cultural value to the world's cultural heritage park in the re-registration and become the world's first 2 called "cultural landscapes" World Heritage Site. Prior to this, only New Zealand's Tongariro National Park in 1993 by this award.
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